1. United States: Despite being one of the largest consumers of cement globally, the United States relies heavily on clinker imports. The country imports a significant portion of its clinker, mainly from Canada, due to various factors such as cost, proximity, and availability. These imports ensure a steady supply of raw material for the thriving cement industry in the United States.

2. Bangladesh: Bangladesh has experienced rapid urbanization and infrastructure development in recent years, leading to a surge in cement demand. However, the country lacks sufficient domestic clinker production capacity. As a result, Bangladesh heavily depends on clinker imports from countries like Vietnam, Thailand, and China to meet its cement manufacturing requirements.

3. Philippines: The Philippines has a growing construction sector that requires substantial amounts of cement. While the country has some clinker production capacity, it still imports a considerable portion to support its cement industry. Major clinker import sources for the Philippines include Vietnam, China, Thailand, and Indonesia.

4. Kenya: Kenya has witnessed significant infrastructure development in recent years, leading to increased demand for cement. However, the country lacks sufficient local clinker production to meet this demand. Consequently, Kenya imports a substantial amount of clinker, primarily from countries like Uganda, Tanzania, and Pakistan.

5. Sri Lanka: Sri Lanka’s construction industry has experienced robust growth, particularly in the residential and commercial sectors. However, the country relies heavily on clinker imports as it lacks significant local clinker production. Sri Lanka imports clinker mainly from countries like India, Vietnam, and Pakistan.

6. Yemen: Yemen is another country heavily reliant on clinker imports. Due to political instability and limited resources, Yemen’s cement industry lacks adequate clinker production capacity. Therefore, Yemen imports clinker from various countries, including Thailand, China, and Iran, to sustain its cement manufacturing sector.

It’s important to note that the reliance on clinker imports can vary over time due to changes in domestic production capabilities, market conditions, and government policies. Additionally, other countries not mentioned here may also have a substantial percentage of clinker imports based on their specific circumstances and cement industry requirements.